m********a
发帖数: 1041 | 1 这是中国侵入美国经济的一个象征：连接布鲁克林和史坦登岛的韦拉札诺海峡大桥(
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge)。这座地标建筑于1964年投入使用，是北美最长的悬索桥
。它同时还是一座急需整修的桥。不幸的是，这项3400万美元（约合2.08亿元人民币）
的钢铁生产与建造工程已经被外包给中国。
这是怎么回事呢？大都会运输署(Metropolitan Transportation Authority)称，之所
以选择了中国建造商是因为两家前来接洽的美国公司都缺乏工程所需的生产空间、特殊
设备和财力。但是，钢铁工人联合会(United Steelworkers)声称，它很快就找到了另
外两家可以接下这个工程的美国桥梁建造商，距离纽约市不到100英里（约合160公里）。
真正的问题在于，这次交易没有考虑购买“中国制造”为美国带来的全部额外代价。实
际上，这个未能考虑所有代价的错误，与我们作为消费者每次只根据价格选购中国商品
的问题一样，虽然中国制造的商品总是更便宜。
考虑一下安全问题：这实在是个可怕的问题，因为中国在生产劣质、往往还很危险的产
品上可谓臭名昭著。这样的产品多种多样，包括含铅玩具、含硫石膏板、掺入三聚氰胺
的宠物食品，以及被多硫酸软骨素污染的肝素。
在桥梁这一特定领域，自2011年7月以来，中国各地已有六座桥梁坍塌。官方媒体新华
社承认，豆腐渣工程和劣质建筑材料都是促成因素。此外，还有一个令人警醒的故事与
美国关系更大。
在2002年启动的一个项目中，加利福尼亚州购买了中国钢材来维修和扩建旧金山—奥克
兰海湾大桥(San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge)。中国钢铁厂家造成的焊接缺陷等问
题让该项目延误了几个月，导致了巨额成本超支。加州本指望通过选择“便宜”的中国
钢材，来节省成本，结果这些延误抹去了大部分成本优势。
不买“中国制造”产品还有另一个理由：就业机会。一个长期存在的事实是，钢铁生产
得到了中国政府的大量补贴，从人工操纵的偏低汇率带来的巨大利益，到人为降低的能
源、土地、贷款和水资源成本。
由于中国的补贴政策——按照国际贸易协议，其中大多数可以说是非法的——该国生产
商能够以生产成本价或者更低的价格向美国倾销钢铁制品。这一问题目前尤其严重，因
为中国的钢铁行业正在遭受大规模的产能过剩问题。
当然，每个通过向美国市场倾销而产生的中国就业岗位，都意味着一个美国就业岗位的
流失。而每个美国钢铁工人的工作机会又能够在经济中创造出额外的工作机会，同时产
生更多的税收收入。如今有2000多万美国人没法找份体面工作，我们肯定需要这些维修
韦拉札诺大桥的就业机会。
大都会运输署不仅忽视了社会代价，还忽视了在环境和人权方面更广泛的影响。中国钢
铁企业的吨钢污染物和温室气体排放量显著超过了美国工厂。这不仅会对全球变暖做出
贡献，还会对美国本土造成直接的负面影响，因为越来越多来自中国的污染物正通过高
空急流穿越太平洋。
最后，当美国企业和政府部门弃美国钢铁而选择中国产品的时候，它们是在间接支持一
个禁止组建独立工会的威权政权，而禁止独立工会不过是今天的中华人民共和国诸多黑
色讽刺中的一例。结果，美国工人被迫与常常每天工作12小时、每周工作六七天的中国
工人竞争。两国的钢铁工人最后都成为了牺牲品。
这件事归根结底就是：购买“中国制造”，无论是修桥的钢材，还是孩子的玩偶，都会
付出巨大的代价，多数消费者进行购买的时候没有考虑这种代价，悲哀的是，就连我们
的领导人也没有。这不仅会损害我们的国家，还会毁掉我们的经济。
彼得·纳瓦罗(Peter Navarro)是加州大学欧文分校商学院的经济学与公共政策学教授
，执导过纪录片《致命中国》(Death by China)。 | m********a
发帖数: 1041 | 2 英文原文:
The Price of ‘Made in China’
By PETER NAVARRO
HERE is a symbol of China’s assault on the American economy: the Verrazano-
Narrows Bridge, which connects Brooklyn and Staten Island. This landmark,
which opened in 1964, is North America’s longest suspension bridge. It’s
also in urgent need of renovation. Unfortunately, $34 million in steel
production and fabrication work has been outsourced to China.
How did this happen? The Metropolitan Transportation Authority says a
Chinese fabricator was picked because the two American companies approached
for the project lacked the manufacturing space, special equipment and
financial capacity to do the job. But the United Steelworkers claims it
quickly found two other American bridge fabricators, within 100 miles of New
York City, that could do the job.
The real problem with this deal is that it doesn’t take into account all of
the additional costs that buying “Made in China” brings to the American
table. In fact, this failure to consider all costs is the same problem we as
consumers face every time we choose a Chinese-made product on price alone
— a price that is invariably cheaper.
Consider the safety issue: a scary one, indeed, because China has a very
well-deserved reputation for producing inferior and often dangerous products
. Such products are as diverse as lead-filled toys, sulfurous drywall, pet
food spiked with melamine and heparin tainted with oversulfated chondroitin
sulfate.
In the specific case of bridges, six have collapsed across China since July
2011. The official Xinhua news agency has acknowledged that shoddy
construction and inferior building materials were contributing factors.
There is also a cautionary tale much closer to home.
When California bought Chinese steel to renovate and expand the San
Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, for a project that began in 2002, problems
like faulty welds by a Chinese steel fabricator delayed the project for
months and led to huge cost overruns. Those delays eroded much of the
savings California was banking on when it opted for the “cheap” Chinese
steel.
There is a second reason not to buy “Made in China” products: jobs. The
abiding fact is that steel production is heavily subsidized by the Chinese
government. These subsidies range from the massive benefits of a manipulated
and undervalued currency to the underwriting of the costs of energy, land,
loans and water.
Because of China’s subsidies — most of which are arguably illegal under
international trade agreements — its producers are able to dump steel
products into America at or below the actual cost of production. This
problem is particularly acute now as China is saddled with massive
overcapacity in its steel industry.
Of course, every job China gains by dumping steel into American markets is
an American job lost. Each steelworker’s job in America generates
additional jobs in the economy, along with increased tax revenues. With over
20 million Americans now unable to find decent work, we could certainly use
those jobs as we repair the Verrazano Bridge.
The M.T.A. has ignored not only the social costs but also the broader impact
on the environment and human rights. Chinese steel plants emit
significantly more pollution and greenhouse gases per ton of steel produced
than plants in the United States. This not only contributes to global
warming but also has a direct negative impact on American soil, since an
increasing amount of China’s pollution is crossing the Pacific Ocean on the
jet stream.
Finally, when American companies and government agencies opt for Chinese
over American steel, they are tacitly supporting an authoritarian regime
that prohibits independent labor unions from organizing — one of many grim
ironies in today’s People’s Republic. As a result, American workers are
forced to compete against Chinese workers who regularly work 12-hour days,
six or seven days a week, without adequate safety gear. Both Chinese and
American steelworkers wind up as victims.
The bottom line here is this: Buying “Made in China” — whether steel for
our bridges or dolls for our children — entails large costs that most
consumers and, sadly, even our leaders don’t consider when making purchases
. This is hurting our country — and killing our economy.
Peter Navarro, a professor of economics and public policy in the business
school at the University of California, Irvine, directed the documentary
film “Death by China.” | m********a
发帖数: 1041 | 3 {How did this happen? The Metropolitan Transportation Authority says a
Chinese fabricator was picked because the two American companies approached
for the project lacked the manufacturing space, special equipment and
financial capacity to do the job. But the United Steelworkers claims it
quickly found two other American bridge fabricators, within 100 miles of
New York City, that could do the job.}
我不懂美國的公共工程找廠商的流程怎樣，是否需要公開招標呢? | m********a
发帖数: 1041 | 4 {There is a second reason not to buy “Made in China” products: jobs. The
abiding fact is that steel production is heavily subsidized by the Chinese
government. These subsidies range from the massive benefits of a
manipulated and undervalued currency to the underwriting of the costs of
energy, land, loans and water.}
其實我也覺得，對美國的鋼鐵公司來說，要與有這麼多政府補助的中國公司競爭真得很
不公平。可是，在幾十年前，美國自己的匹茲堡不也是這樣打垮德國的嗎? | m********a
发帖数: 1041 | 5 {Because of China’s subsidies — most of which are arguably illegal under
international trade agreements — its producers are able to dump steel
products into America at or below the actual cost of production.}
不懂international trade agreements | m********a
发帖数: 1041 | 6 {the underwriting of the costs of energy, land, loans and water.}
很多人在批評的國企就是因為這樣才這麼強大的嗎? |
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