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发帖数: 16 | 1 bout “Repulsive particle” hypothesis
Zhuang Yilong
Shanghai Institute of Science and Technology Managemen
Jiading 201800
“Repulsive particle” hypothesis is a new theory of material
action. Contrary to Newton law of universal gravitation, which explains why
an apple on the three falls to the ground, it can be called law of universal
repulsion which explains why an apple grows on the tree. It regards a plank
quantum as a material particle, which is a epulsive particle”
counteracting universal gravitation.The change of anobject motion state is
subject to its absorbing or releasing repulsive particles.
Introducing the antigravition, the theory overthrows the gravitation basis
of physics. The following can be derived from the theory.
1, The hypothesis from mass changed aiso put out that:Time and space
relativity effect and constant velocity of light as in the theoy of
relativity.
2 . Mass relativity effect as showed in the equality:
(Annatations: mt is total mass; mo is static mass; V is velocity; C is
velocity of light; eo is static eletric charge of an electron; h is Plank
constant; υ is frequency; λ is wave longth)
When the object speed is close to velocity of light, its mass can be
infinite and is double of its static mass..The reason why Einstein relation
had benefited from the library results was the electric has been regarded as
constant mistakenly by moving.
3 . According to the above equality of the relativity effectt by repulsive
particle theorery, kinetic energy is expressed as follows:
The equality includes the motion of microobjects, microparticles and photons
.
4 .light velocity is not only parameter,but also velocity ultimate. light
velocity is the constants according to the certain reference system,and has
nothing the moving state of lliminatre. On the earth, velocity of light is 3
*1010 cm/persec. In other inertial frame of referance velocity of light C1
is
The value is not the same as C on the earth, but it is also a constant.
When the spped of the frame of referance increases, the velocity of light in
it decreases. The velocity of light is zero in the frame of referance that
move in velocity of light. Aman in a hermetie room can assesses hid speed
relative to the earth by measuring the light speed.
5 . There are lengh shortening and time extending effects in motive frames
of referance:
6 . Gravitation mass and inertial mass are equal in inertial frame, the
original velocity of which is zero.
The gravitation field of the earth is a series of same-center ball surfaces.
Every surface is equally potential. An object crossing the surface will
absorb or release repulsive particles. Only when moving on the same surface
can an object change its energy. An object not affected by external force
will remain static orbein uniform circular motion on an equal potential
surface, In the space infinitely for from the earth, an object will remain
static or be in unifrm liner motion.
7 . There are four kinds of physics mass:gravitation mass, inertial mass,
energy mass and total material mass,which correspond to four physic laws;law
of universal gravitation’ Newton second law, mass energy relation equaliy,
mass velocity relation equality, for example, gravitation mass of a photon
is zero. Its static mass is mo. Its total material mass is 2mo.
8 .The photon is the fundamental particle, the velocity of which is the same
as the light. Any fundamental particles can become photons by speeding up
to velocity of light. Photons can also become material particles by slowing
down.According to the hypothesi, all kinds of radiation in the universe are
factually different material particles in different speed. Photons are in
the highest speed-velocity of light. Photons go through a long distance and
their speed and frequency decrease and they become material particles which
has gravitation mass. There is no absolute boundary between photons and
material particles.
9 . Contrary to the theory of relativity, gravitation of an object decreases
when its speed increases. So material particles in high speed are non-
gravitation dark material. They and photons (gravitation mass is zero) and
repulsive particles make up the non-gravitation material which is the 90%
protion of the total universe material.
10 .Electric charge changes with velocity. When and electron is in speed
close to relocity of light, electric charge becomes zero and it becomes a
photon.
（charge velocity relation）
11. The frequency of a moving particle is equal to the repulsive particles
it absorbs. So the frequency increases when the speed increases.
（frequency velocity relation）
When V<< C, the formula is
When V→C , replace υ with V/λ and the formula becomes Debroglie law:
λ=h /m0*V
When V is equal to C , V = C the freuqency reaches its limit . υ = m0 C2
／ h
Then the material particle becomes the photon. （张大铭翻译）
Repulsion Particle Hypothesis
: Zhuang Yilong
Shanghai Institute of Science & Technology Management
Jiading District of Shanghai, 201800, China
Abstract: The theory of “ Repulsion Particle Hypothesis” is a new theory
of matter interactions. In contrast to Newtons universal gravitation that
the apple drops from the tree, this hypothesis can be called the universal
repulsion theory that the apple grows in the tree. This theory treats energy
quantum as substantial particle and argues that Plunks energy quantum as a
kind of repulsion particle which owns the property to resist the universal
gravitation, and the variation of the substance motion state results from
the substance absorbing or releasing the repulsion particles. Because this
theory introduces the anti-gravitation substance particles and breaks the
basic frame of physics gravitation theory, we can infer the following new
conclusions in accordance with repulsion particle hypothesis. On the basis
of these conclusions, the author has successfully the major theories
concerning the contemporary physics, cosmology, philosophy, and other fields
. Nevertheless, this is just a rough idea of nature science, and many
critical details related to this hypothesis require to be explained by the
future science.
Key words: repulsion particle, the theory of relativity, red shift, universe
background
As the objects which physics involves are increasingly approaching the limit
that the instruments observe the theory thinking is becoming more important
in the science study. At present, only suppose a kind of new particle
exists, we seem to bring a pleasant hope for settling the difficult problems
relevant to physics, and cosmology. Perhaps, the key to open the passage to
physics is not in the physics building but in the philosophy palace.
Repulsion Particle Assumption and Inference
Assumption:
1 There exists a kind of repulsion particle of repulsion property.
2 The state variation of the object motion results from absorbing or
releasing repulsion particles.
Inference:
In the classic mechanics, on the occasion of v << c, the approximate formula
of energy related to the moving objects is E= m0V2／2 ; When it is variable
, employing the regional uniform motion to obtain limit we can prove that
motion energy formula remains E = m0V2／2
Now in terms of assumption, when the objects to make the acceleration motion
attract repulsion particle, speed varies from v0 to vt
Given: the quality of each repulsion particle is @, and energy is h0(
actually it is the energy quantum h of Plunker, and the assumption of
repulsion particle treats the energy quantum Plunder as the particle of the
substantial)
After the object absorbs n repulsion particles,
the quality will grow △ｍ＝ｎ@，. So mt＝m0＋△ｍ
The increased motion energy is: △Ｅ＝ｎh0
mt－m0＝ｎ@ (quality conservation)
mtV2t／2－m0V20／2＝ｎh0 (energy conservation)
if V0＝0， we conclude : (1.0)
( 1 . 0 )
Among them, A＝ h 0 / @ is the ratio between energy and quality of each
repulsion particle, and is constant called quality-energy equivalent, also
the ratio between the increased energy and the increased quality caused by
the state variation of the object motion. As long as we can acquire the
adequate accuracy by experiment, this number can be surveyed through
experiment. And it can also be inferred through the assumption of repulsion
particle. Because the object acceleration needs to absorb the repulsion
particles, and the repulsion energy to absorb the repulsion participles can
offset the attraction energy inside the objects, the quality limit of the
repulsion particle that the objects absorb is merely equivalent to the
attraction quality of the motionless objects. At this time the objects have
no universal attraction to the outside, and the motion speed comes to the
limited speed as well-light speed while the entire quality value is just
equal to twice of the static quality.
Namely: Vt →C mt =2 m。 put into (1.0) formula
A＝C2 thus the important relation formula of quality and speed can be got:
( 1 .1 )
We can infer the other relation formulas by way of this formula compare it
with Einstein relation formula of quality and speed:
( 1 .2 )
Make two formulas progression, and make (1.1) progression:
Make (1.2) progression:
The difference is after . when , (1.1) formula turns into 2 m0, while (1.2)
turns into infinity.
Through the simple conversion, the progression from relation formula (1.1),
similarly can infer the following four motion energy formulas: Emotion
energy :
According to the Hypotheses of Repulsion Particle, some important
conclusions can be inferred as follows
1 The hypothesis of
repulsion particle commences with the variation of the object quality and
its functions. It within the framework of the popularized classic mechanics,
alike has inferred the relativity effect of the quality and time & space of
moving objects existing in the nature. But the original narrow relativity
by Einstein needs, can be prerequisite he principle of light speed
invariant” made out of the hypothesis “ repulsion particle”, as a special
instance.
2 The relation formula of
the relativity effect is given as follows in which the objects quality
varies with speed:
(note: the whole quality mt ; the static quality m0;speed v ;light speed c,
; the static electric charge value, e0 ;Plunker constant h ; frequency υ&
nbsp; and wave length λ_)
When the motion speed of objects approaches light speed it is unlikely that
the object quality approaches infinity; on the contrary the quality is equal
to twice ad much as the static quality. That the experimental conclusion in
the old days is favorable to quality-speed relations of the narrow
relativity by Einstein is because when we calculated the electronic quality
using the charge = quality ratio, we made an illusion to consider the
electric charge value to be no speed change with motion. This exaggerated
deflection of the electronic trace. Virtually, that the electric charge
value is constant is only a kind of belief and no strict proof was given.
However, if the object moves at a high speed, no one has once proved whether
the electric charge value keeps in variable. In accordance with the
hypothesis of repulsion particle, the electric charge value decreases when
the electronic motion speed increases; when the electronic motion speed is
close to the light speed. The electric charge value of electronic will be
equal to zero, and at this time electronic has become photon. Suppose we
reckon the variation of the electric charge value in, the revised
experimental data will support the new quality-speed relation formula.
3 From the preceding quality
-speed relation formula stemming from the theory of repulsion particles, we
can infer the objects motion energy formula under the condition of
relativity effect. This formula involves quality-energy formula, the motion-
energy formula of the high-speed motion objects, and the energy formula of
light radiation.
These motion-energy formulas from the repulsion particles unify the motions
of macro-objects, micro-particles and photon.
4 Light speed is the limit
speed of the object motion as well as a parameter constant. In the definite
inertial system, the relevant light speed is a constant, which has nothing
to do with the light source direction and motion state. That is to say,
there exists a theory of invariability of light speed. As far as the
observers on the earth are concerned, light speed c is equal to 3×10 10cm/
second. In the different inertial systems, light speed is:
C’=
This value is unequal to that of light speed in the inertial system on the
earth surface, but in every inertial reference system correspondent to the
value, it remains a constant. Light speed becomes lower accompanied by the
growth of the motion speed in the reference system. In the reference system
of the light speed motion, the light speed c is zero. The modern physics
theory argues that one person in the closed room by uniform motion can judge
his own motion state. Nevertheless, in terms of repulsion particle theory,
the person in the closed room can decide on his individual motion speed
relatively on the earth surface.
5 Now that the value of
velocity of light varies with the reference system, there will appear the
effect of 搑ule shrinking” and time prolonging:
6 6 The inertial system is
the reference system that the object gravitational mass is equal to the
inertial mass, and the reference system of initial velocity V0 is zero. With
respect to the earth, its space is that of the gravitational field, a
series of concentric spherical surface extended outside. In other words,
gravitation equipotential plane has the same inertial energy as the
spherical surface spots of the distinct semidiameters. Going through
equipotential plane, the objects will absorb or release repulsion particle;
only the object moving along the same equipotential plane can change energy.
Therefore, the object is not affected by the external force, is just still
or doing uniform circular motion along the equipotential plane. In the
infinite places far from the gravitational center, the space of
gravitational field can be viewed as the vertical European space, conquently
the motion along the equipotential plane will become the straight line
motion, which evolves Newton intertial law, the object not influenced
by the external force will keep still or the state of uniform straight line
motion.
7 The object in motion
possesses the physical masses of the different meanings, that is,
gravitational mass, inertial mass, energy mass, and general substance mass,
which are respectively relative to the four physical laws, namely, law of
universal gravitation, Newton second law, mass-energy relation formula, and
mass-velocity relation formula. In the old days, four kinds of masses weren
clearly distinguished in 0 physics so that they hindered the physics
development. As a matter of fact, as far as photon is concerned, provided
photon gravitational mass is 0, and photon rest mass is mo, general mass is
2mo.
8 Photon is not the common
particle, but a kind of particle state when the motion velocity of the basic
particle comes to light velocity,. Accelerated to light velocity, the
common substantial particle will become photon. After reducing velocity,
photon can also transform into the substantial particle. In accordance with
the hypothesis of repulsion particle, various radiation existing in the
universe, are actually all the substantial particles of all winds of masses
moving at the different speeds. If energy from some particles can be felt by
people抯 eyes, it will turn into light.
9 When the repulsion
particle in the free state scatter in the space, it will become the
repulsion particle gas, namely, author, it will exist as a universe
background. This is the cause to bring about 3 k microwave setting radiation
as well.
10. When photon interacts on space field over a long distance,
their velocity and frequency will decline, and become the substantial
particles of the gravitational mass; in the meantime frequency red shift
arise. Going through the remote space, photon will encounter the resistance
of the repulsion particle gas, as the bullet will be resisted passing
through the air. The farther the planet is, the more frequency decays.
Harbor constants essence is the resistance constants of space for light to
transmit. There is no impassable limit between the substantial particle and
photon, and the previous limit is set by people. It derived from the mass-
velocity relation formula of special theory of relativity.
11. Contrary to the conclusion of relativity, the theory of
repulsion particle argues that the object gravitation decrease with speed
increase, therefore the substantial particles at high speed motion are all
micro-gravitational particles, and they along with photon and repulsion
particle compose non-gravitational invisible substances which accounts for 9
% of the total matter quality in the universe.
12. The electron electric charge value varies with motion speed.
In terms of charge-speed relation, when the electron motion velocity
approaches light velocity, the electric charge value is almost 0, and
becomes photon.
(charge-speed relation)
13. Actually, the wave motion frequency in moving particle is equal to the
repulsion particle absorbed by the particles, so there exists a formula of
frequency-velocity relation in which the frequency of wave motion increases
with the growth of motion velocity. As the motion velocity of the
substantial particle comes to the light velocity, the wave-notion frequency
also amounts to the limit value, and becomes the relative light-wave
frequency.
(frequency-velocity relation)
On the occasion of V<
particle, the above formula becomes:
On the occasion of V→C, with replacing υ, this formula becomes
Debroglie wave formula:
On the occasion of V = C , the wave-motion frequency comes up to the limit
value: υ = m0 c2 ／ h
At this time, the common substantial parυ ticle turns into photon; on the
contrary, when the photon-motion velocity decreases because of obstacles,
the photon wave-motion frequency will reduce, and decay into the substantial
particle. This formula unifies the common substantial, electron, the wave-
motion of photon.
（张新民 翻译） |
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