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Filariasis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Filariasis
Life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti, a parasite that causes filariasis
Classification and external resources
Specialty Infectious disease
ICD-10 B74
ICD-9-CM 125.0-125.9
Patient UK Filariasis
MeSH D005368
[edit on Wikidata]
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of
the Filarioidea type.[1] These are spread by blood-feeding black flies and
mosquitoes. This disease belongs to the group of diseases called
helminthiases.
Eight known filarial nematodes use humans as their definitive hosts. These
are divided into three groups according to the niche they occupy in the body:
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia
malayi, and Brugia timori. These worms occupy the lymphatic system,
including the lymph nodes; in chronic cases, these worms lead to the
syndrome of elephantiasis.
Subcutaneous filariasis is caused by Loa loa (the eye worm), Mansonella
streptocerca, and Onchocerca volvulus. These worms occupy the subcutaneous
layer of the skin, in the fat layer. L. loa causes Loa loa filariasis, while
O. volvuluscauses river blindness.
Serous cavity filariasis is caused by the worms Mansonella perstans and
Mansonella ozzardi, which occupy the serous cavity of the abdomen.
The adult worms, which usually stay in one tissue, release early larval
forms known as microfilariae into the host's bloodstream. These circulating
microfilariae can be taken up with a blood meal by the arthropod vector; in
the vector, they develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to a
new host.
Individuals infected by filarial worms may be described as either "
microfilaraemic" or "amicrofilaraemic", depending on whether microfilariae
can be found in their peripheral blood. Filariasis is diagnosed in
microfilaraemic cases primarily through direct observation of microfilariae
in the peripheral blood. Occult filariasis is diagnosed in amicrofilaraemic
cases based on clinical observations and, in some cases, by finding a
circulating antigen in the blood.
Contents
1Signs and symptoms
2Cause
3Diagnosis
3.1Concentration methods
4Treatment
5Society and culture
5.1Research teams
6Other animals
6.1Cattle
6.2Horses
6.3Dogs
7See also
8References
9Further reading
10External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The most spectacular symptom of lymphatic filariasis is elephantiasis—edema
with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues—which was the first
disease discovered to be transmitted by mosquito bites.[2] Elephantiasis
results when the parasites lodge in the lymphatic system.
Elephantiasis affects mainly the lower extremities, while the ears, mucous
membranes, and amputation stumps are affected less frequently. However,
different species of filarial worms tend to affect different parts of the
body; Wuchereria bancrofti can affect the legs, arms, vulva, breasts, and
scrotum (causing hydrocele formation), while Brugia timorirarely affects the
genitals.[citation needed] Those who develop the chronic stages of
elephantiasis are usually free from microfilariae (amicrofilaraemic), and
often have adverse immunological reactions to the microfilariae, as well as
the adult worms.[2]
The subcutaneous worms present with rashes, urticarial papules, and
arthritis, as well as hyper- and hypopigmentation macules. Onchocerca
volvulus manifests itself in the eyes, causing "river blindness" (
onchocerciasis), one of the leading causes of blindness in the world.[
citation needed] Serous cavity filariasis presents with symptoms similar to
subcutaneous filariasis, in addition to abdominal pain, because these worms
are also deep-tissue dwellers.
Cause[edit]
Human filarial nematode worms have complicated life cycles, which primarily
consists of five stages. After the male and female worms mate, the female
gives birth to live microfilariae by the thousands. The microfilariae are
taken up by the vector insect (intermediate host) during a blood meal. In
the intermediate host, the microfilariae molt and develop into third-stage (
infective) larvae. Upon taking another blood meal, the vector insect injects
the infectious larvae into the dermis layer of the skin. After about one
year, the larvae molt through two more stages, maturing into the adult worms.
Diagnosis[edit]
Filariasis is usually diagnosed by identifying microfilariae on Giemsa
stained, thin and thick blood film smears, using the "gold standard" known
as the finger prick test. The finger prick test draws blood from the
capillaries of the finger tip; larger veins can be used for blood extraction
, but strict windows of the time of day must be observed. Blood must be
drawn at appropriate times, which reflect the feeding activities of the
vector insects. Examples are W. bancrofti, whose vector is a mosquito; night
is the preferred time for blood collection. Loa loa's vector is the deer
fly; daytime collection is preferred. This method of diagnosis is only
relevant to microfilariae that use the blood as transport from the lungs to
the skin. Some filarial worms, such as M. streptocerca and O. volvulus,
produce microfilarae that do not use the blood; they reside in the skin only
. For these worms, diagnosis relies upon skin snips and can be carried out
at any time.
Concentration methods[edit]
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improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to
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Various concentration methods are applied: membrane filter, Knott's
concentration method, and sedimentation technique.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antigenic assays, which detect
circulating filarial antigens, are also available for making the diagnosis.
The latter are particularly useful in amicrofilaraemic cases. Spot tests for
antigen[3] are far more sensitive, and allow the test to be done anytime,
rather in the late hours.
Lymph node aspirate and chylous fluid may also yield microfilariae. Medical
imaging, such as CT or MRI, may reveal "filarial dance sign" in the chylous
fluid; X-ray tests can show calcified adult worms in lymphatics. The DEC
provocation test is performed to obtain satisfying numbers of parasites in
daytime samples. Xenodiagnosis is now obsolete, and eosinophilia is a
nonspecific primary sign.
Treatment[edit]
The recommended treatment for people outside the United States is
albendazole combined with ivermectin.[4][5] A combination of
diethylcarbamazine and albendazole is also effective.[4][6] Side effects of
the drugs include nausea, vomiting, and headaches.[7] All of these
treatments are microfilaricides; they have no effect on the adult worms.
While the drugs are critical for treatment of the individual, proper hygiene
is also required.[8]
Different trials were made to use the known drug at its maximum capacity in
absence of new drugs. In a study from India, it was shown that a formulation
of albendazole had better anti-filarial efficacy than albendazole itself.[9]
In 2003, the common antibiotic doxycycline was suggested for treating
elephantiasis.[10] Filarial parasites have symbiotic bacteria in the genus
Wolbachia, which live inside the worm and seem to play a major role in both
its reproduction and the development of the disease. This drug has shown
signs of inhibiting the reproduction of the bacteria, further inducing
sterility.[11] Clinical trials in June 2005 by the Liverpool School of
Tropical Medicine reported an eight-week course almost completely eliminated
microfilaraemia.[12]
Society and culture[edit]
Research teams[edit]
In 2015 William C. Campbell and Satoshi ōmura were Co-awarded half of that
year's Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the drug
avermectin, which in the further developed form ivermectin has come to
decrease the occurrence of lymphatic filariasis.[13]
Other animals[edit]
Filariasis can also affect domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, and
dogs.
Cattle[edit]
Verminous hemorrhagic dermatitis is a clinical disease in cattle due to
Parafilaria bovicola.
Intradermal onchocerciasis of cattle results in losses in leather due to
Onchocerca dermata, O. ochengi, and O. dukei. O. ochengi is closely related
to human O. volvulus(river blindness), sharing the same vector, and could be
useful in human medicine research.
Stenofilaria assamensis and others cause different diseases in Asia, in
cattle and zebu.
Horses[edit]
"Summer bleeding" is hemorrhagic subcutaneous nodules in the head and upper
forelimbs, caused by Parafilaria multipapillosa (North Africa, Southern and
Eastern Europe, Asia and South America).[14]
Dogs[edit]
Heart filariasis is caused by Dirofilaria immitis.
See also[edit]
Neglected diseases
Eradication of infectious diseases
Helminthiasis
List of parasites (human)
References[edit]
^ Center for Disease Control and Prevention. "Lymphatic Filariasis".
Retrieved 18 July2010.
^ a b "Lymphatic filariasis". Health Topics A to Z. Source: The World Health
Organization. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
^ "Seva Fila" (PDF). JB Tropical Disease Research Centre & Department of
Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences.
^ a b The Carter Center, Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program,
retrieved2008-07-17
^ U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Lymphatic Filariasis Treatment,
retrieved2008-07-17
^ Bockarie, Moses; Hoerauf, Achim; Taylor, Mark J. (08 October 2010). "
Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". The Lancet. 376 (9747): 1175-1185.
Check date values in: |date= (help);
^ Turkington, Carol A. "Filariasis". The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health.
1: 351-353.
^ Hewitt, Kirsten; Whitworth, James AG (1 August 2005). "Filariasis".
Medicine. 33 (8): 61–64.
^ Gaur RL, Dixit S, Sahoo MK, Khanna M, Singh S, Murthy PK (2007). "Anti-
filarial activity of novel formulations of albendazole against experimental
brugian filariasis".Parasitology. 134: 537–44. doi:10.1017/
S0031182006001612. PMID 17078904.
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please
improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (October 2015) (Learn
how and when to remove this template message)
^ Hoerauf A, Mand S, Fischer K, Kruppa T, Marfo-Debrekyei Y, Debrah AY,
Pfarr KM, Adjei O, Buttner DW (2003), "Doxycycline as a novel strategy
against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from
Wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production", Med Microbiol
Immunol (Berl), 192 (4): 211–6,doi:10.1007/s00430-002-0174-6, PMID 12684759
^ Bockarie, Moses; Hoerauf, Achim; Taylor, Mark J. (8 October 2010). "
Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". The Lancet. 376 (9747): 1178.
^ Taylor MJ, Makunde WH, McGarry HF, Turner JD, Mand S, Hoerauf A (2005), "
Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria
bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial", Lancet, 365
(9477): 2116–21,doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66591-9, PMID 15964448
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please
improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (October 2015) (Learn
how and when to remove this template message)
^ Jan Andersson; Hans Forssberg; Juleen R. Zierath; The Nobel Assembly at
Karolinska Institutet (5 October 2015), Avermectin and Artemisinin -
Revolutionary Therapies against Parasitic Diseases (PDF), retrieved 5
October 2015
^ Pringle, Heather (3 March 2011), The Emperor and the Parasite, retrieved 9
March2011
Further reading[edit]
"Special issue", Indian Journal of Urology, 21 (1), 2005
"Filariasis". Therapeutics in Dermatology. June 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Filariasis.
Filariasis Research at the University of Tuebingen
The Carter Center Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program
UK Health Charity working to cure and prevent Lymphatic filariasis
Brugia malayi Filarial worms. Video by R. Rao. Washington University in St.
Louis
Page from the "Merck Veterinary Manual" on "Parafilaria multipapillosa" in
horses
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Infectious diseases
Parasitic disease: helminthiases
B65–B83
120–129
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Satoshi ōmura
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Satoshi ōmura
Satoshi ōmura, Nobel Laureate in medicine in Stockholm December 2015
Native name 大村 智
Born 12 July 1935 (age 81)
Nirasaki, Yamanashi, Japan
Nationality Japanese
Fields Biochemistry
Institutions Kitasato University
Wesleyan University
Alma mater University of Yamanashi
Tokyo University of Science(M.S., Sc. D.)
University of Tokyo (Ph.D.)
Academic advisors Koji Nakanishi
Max Tishler
Known for Avermectin and Ivermectin
Notable awards Japan Academy Prize (1990)
Koch Gold Medal (1997)
Gairdner Global Health Award(2014)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2015)
Satoshi ōmura [satoɕi oːmu͍ɽa] (大村 智 ōmura Satoshi?
, born 12 July 1935) is a Japanese biochemist. He is known for the discovery
and development of various pharmaceuticals originally occurring in
microorganisms. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine jointly with William C. Campbell and Tu Youyou.
Contents
1Education
2Career
3Honors and awards
3.1Scientific and academic
3.2National
3.3Membership in learned societies
3.4Other
4See also
5References
6External links
Education[edit]
Omura graduated from the University of Yamanashi, he received his M.S.
degree from Tokyo University of Science and his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical
Sciences from the University of Tokyo and a Ph.D. in Chemistry at the Tokyo
University of Science.[1]
Career[edit]
Satoshi ōmura is professor emeritus at Kitasato University and Max Tishler
Professor of Chemistry at Wesleyan University. He is known for the discovery
and development of various pharmaceuticals originally occurring in
microorganisms. He was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine jointly with William C. Campbell and Tu Youyou for discoveries
concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites.
More precisely, his research group isolated a strain of Streptomyces
avermitilis that produce the anti-parasitical compound avermectin. Campbell
later acquired these bacteria and developed the derived drug ivermectin that
is today used against river blindness, lymphatic filariasis and other
parasitic infections.[1][2][3]
Atkinson, H.J. (1973). "The respiratory physiology of the marine nematodes
Enoplus brevis(Bastian) and E. communis (Bastian): I. The influence of
oxygen tension and body size"(PDF). J. Exp. Biol. 59 (1): 255–266.
Streptomyces avermitilis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Streptomyces avermitilis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Actinobacteria
Order: Actinomycetales
Family: Streptomycetaceae
Genus: Streptomyces
Species: S. avermitilis
Binomial name
Streptomyces avermitilis
(ex Burg[1] et al. 1979) Kim andGoodfellow 2002[2]
Strains
Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680
Synonyms
Streptomyces avermectiniusTakahashi et al. 2002[3]
Streptomyces avermitilis is a bacterium species in the genus Streptomyces.
The first complete genome sequence of S. avermitilis was completed in 2003.[
4] This genome forms a chromosome with a linear structure, unlike most
bacterial genomes, which exist in the form of circular chromosomes.[5]
Avermectins are produced from S. avermitilis.[1] One of the most widely
employed drugs against nematode and arthropod infestations is the avermectin
derivative ivermectin, as well as abamectin, a widely used insecticide and
antihelmintic.
See also[edit]
List of Streptomyces species
References[edit]
^ a b Burg, R. W.; Miller, B. M.; Baker, E. E.; Birnbaum, J.; Currie, S. A.;
Hartman, R.; Kong, Y. L.; Monaghan, R. L.; Olson, G.; Putter, I.; Tunac, J.
B.; Wallick, H.; Stapley, E. O.; Oiwa, R.; Omura, S. (1979). "Avermectins,
new family of potent anthelmintic agents: Producing organism and
fermentation". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 15 (3): 361–367. doi:
10.1128/AAC.15.3.361. PMC 352666. PMID 464561.
^ Kim, S. B.; Goodfellow, M. (2002). "Streptomyces avermitilis sp. nov., nom
. Rev., a taxonomic home for the avermectin-producing streptomycetes".
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (Pt 6)
^ Takahashi, Y.; Matsumoto, A.; Seino, A.; Ueno, J.; Iwai, Y.; Omura, S. (
2002). "Streptomyces avermectinius sp. nov., an avermectin-producing strain"
. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (Pt
6): 2163–2168. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02237-0. PMID 12508884.
^ Ikeda H, Ishikawa J, Hanamoto A, Shinose M, Kikuchi H, Shiba T, Sakaki Y,
Hattori M, Omura S (2003). "Complete genome sequence and comparative
analysis of the industrial microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis". Nat.
Biotechnol. 21 (5): 526–531. doi:10.1038/nbt820.PMID 12692562.
^ Paul Dyson (1 January 2011). Streptomyces: Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology. Horizon Scientific Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-904455-77-6.
Retrieved 16 January 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to: Streptomyces avermitilis
"Streptomyces avermitilis". National Center for Biotechnology Information (
NCBI).
Honors and awards[edit]
Scientific and academic[edit]
1985 – Hoechst-Roussel Award[4]
1986 – The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan Award[4]
1988 – Uehara Prize[4]
1990 – Japan Academy Prize (academics)[4]
1995 – Fujiwara Prize[4]
1997 – Robert Koch Gold Medal[5]
1998 – Prince Mahidol Award[4]
2000 – Nakanishi Prize (American Chemical Society and Chemical Society of
Japan)[4]
2005 – Ernest Guenther Award in the Chemistry of Natural Products (American
Chemical Society)[4]
2007 – Hamao Umezawa Memorial Award[4]
2010 – Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry[4]
2011 – Arima Award[4]
2014 – Canada Gairdner Global Health Award[6]
2015 – Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
National[edit]
1992 – Medal with Purple Ribbon[4]
2011 – Order of the Sacred Treasure, Gold and Silver Star[7]
2012 – Person of Cultural Merit[4]
Membership in learned societies[edit]
1992 – Academy of Sciences Leopoldina[8]
1999 – National Academy of Sciences[9]
2001 – Japan Academy[10]
2002 – Académie des sciences[11]
Other[edit]
2008 – Knight of the Legion of Honour of France
See also[edit]
List of Japanese Nobel laureates
Merck & Co.
Koji Nakanishi
Tohru Fukuyama
Kitasato Shibasaburō
References[edit]
^ a b "Satoshi Omura PhD". Retrieved 5 October 2015.
^ http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/press.pdf
^ "Japanese microbiologist Satoshi Omura shares Nobel Prize for medicine".
The Japan Times. 5 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Satoshi ōmura. "Satoshi ōmura Curriculum Vitae
" (PDF).
^ "Robert Koch Gold Medal". Robert-Koch-Stiftung e.V. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
^ http://www.gairdner.org/content/satoshi-omura
^ 【政府】11年「春の叙勲」┥锸悉诵裰亍⒋蟠迨悉鹬薬事日報 2011年6月20日
^ List of Members | Prof. Dr. Dr. Satoshi ōmura
^ Member Directory | Satoshi Omura
^ Japan Academy membership profile
^ Académie des sciences membership profile
External links[edit]
Professor Satoshi Omura
Satoshi ōmura | People | THE KITASATO INSTITUTE
Nirasaki Omura Art Museum
Satoshi ōmura Quotes With Pictures
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Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1901–1925
1901 Emil Behring
1902 Ronald Ross
1903 Niels Finsen
1904 Ivan Pavlov
1905 Robert Koch
1906 Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1907 Alphonse Laveran
1908élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich
1909 Emil Kocher
1910 Albrecht Kossel
1911 Allvar Gullstrand
1912 Alexis Carrel
1913 Charles Richet
1914 Róbert Bárány
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919 Jules Bordet
1920 August Krogh
1921
1922 Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof
1923 Frederick Banting / John Macleod
1924 Willem Einthoven
1925
1926–1950
1926 Johannes Fibiger
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1928 Charles Nicolle
1929 Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1930 Karl Landsteiner
1931 Otto Warburg
1932Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
1933 Thomas Morgan
1934 George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy
1935 Hans Spemann
1936 Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
1937Albert Szent-Györgyi
1938 Corneille Heymans
1939 Gerhard Domagk
1940
1941
1942
1943 Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy
1944 Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser
1945Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey
1946 Hermann Muller
1947 Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
1948 Paul Müller
1949 Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz
1950 Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench
1951–1975
1951 Max Theiler
1952 Selman Waksman
1953 Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
1954 John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins
1955 Hugo Theorell
1956 André Cournand /Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
1957 Daniel Bovet
1958 George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
1959 Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
1960 Frank Burnet /Peter Medawar
1961 Georg von Békésy
1962 Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins
1963 John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
1964 Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
1965 François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
1966 Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins
1967 Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald
1968 Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana/ Marshall Nirenberg
1969 Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria
1970 Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
1971 Earl Sutherland Jr.
1972 Gerald Edelman /Rodney Porter
1973 Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
1974 Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade
1975 David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco /Howard Temin
1976–2000
1976 Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek
1977 Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
1978 Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
1979 Allan Cormack /Godfrey Hounsfield
1980 Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell
1981 Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel
1982 Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson /John Vane
1983 Barbara McClintock
1984 Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein
1985 Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
1986 Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
1987Susumu Tonegawa
1988 James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
1989 J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
1990 Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
1991Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
1992 Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
1993 Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp
1994 Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
1995 Edward B. Lewis /Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
1996 Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner
1998 Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad
1999Günter Blobel
2000 Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel
2001–present
2001 Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse
2002 Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
2003 Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
2004 Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
2005 Barry Marshall / Robin Warren
2006 Andrew Fire / Craig Mello
2007 Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
2008 Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier /Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2009 Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak
2010 Robert G. Edwards
2011 Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman(posthumously)
2012 John B. Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka
2013 James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof
2014 John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser
2015William C. Campbell / Satoshi ōmura / Tu Youyou
2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi
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2015 Nobel Prize laureates
Chemistry
Tomas Lindahl (Sweden, United Kingdom)
Paul L. Modrich (United States)
Aziz Sancar (Turkey, United States)
Literature
Svetlana Alexievich (Belarus)
Peace (2015)
Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet (Tunisia)
Physics
Takaaki Kajita (Japan)
Arthur B. McDonald (Canada)
Physiology or Medicine
William C. Campbell (Ireland, United States)
Satoshi ōmura (Japan)
Tu Youyou (China)
Economic Sciences
Angus Deaton (United Kingdom, United States)
Nobel Prize recipients
1990
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
2000
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 22821116
LCCN: n83123032
ISNI: 0000 0000 6317 6143
GND: 17229861X
SUDOC: 178899402
NLA: 35107619
NDL: 00105657
CiNii: DA00923583
Categories:
Japanese Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1935 births
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Japanese biochemists
People from Yamanashi Prefecture
Tokyo University of Science alumni
University of Tokyo alumni
Wesleyan University faculty
Japanese art collectors
Museum founders
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
Native name
武田薬品工業株式会社
Type
Public KK
Traded as
TYO: 4502
FSE: 4502
OTC Pink: TKPYY
Industry Pharmaceuticals
Founded Doshomachi, Osaka, Japan (June 12, 1781)
Headquarters 1-1, Doshomachi Yonchome,Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
Key people
Yasuchika Hasegawa
(Chairman of the Board)
Christophe Weber[1]
(President & CEO)
Revenue ￥1,557,267 million (FY2012)[* 1]
Operating income
￥122,505 million (FY 2012)[* 1]
Net income
￥131,244 million (FY 2012)[* 1]
Total assets ￥3,955,599 million (FY 2012)[* 1]
Total equity ￥2,223,359 million (FY 2012)[* 1]
Number of employees
30,481 (2012)
Website takeda.com (Global website)
Footnotes / references
^ a b c d e "Financial Results for Fiscal 2012" (PDF). Takeda Pharmaceutical
Company Limited. May 9, 2013. RetrievedJune 13, 2013.
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd (武田薬品工業株式会社 Takeda Yakuhin Kōgy
ō Kabushiki-gaisha?) is the largestpharmaceutical company in Japan and Asia
and a top 15 pharmaceutical company in the world. The company has over 30,
000 employees worldwide and achieved 16.2 billion USD in revenue during the
2012 fiscal year.[2] The company is focused on metabolic disorders,
gastroenterology, neurology, inflammation, as well as oncology through its
independent subsidiary, Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company.[3] Its
headquarters is located in Chuo-ku, Osaka, and it has an office in
Nihonbashi, Chuo, Tokyo.[4][5]In January 2012, Fortune Magazine ranked the
Takeda Oncology Company as one of the 100 best companies to work for in the
United States.
Contents
1History
2Locations
3Lawsuits
4References
5External links
History[edit]
Takeda Midosuji Building, headquarters of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, in
Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
Takeda Pharmaceuticals was founded on June 12, 1781, and was incorporated on
January 29, 1925.
In 1977, Takeda first entered the U.S. pharmaceutical market by developing a
joint venture with Abbott Laboratories called TAP Pharmaceuticals.[6]
Through TAP Pharmaceuticals, Takeda and Abbott launched the blockbusters
Lupron (leuprolide) in 1985 and Prevacid (lansoprazole) in 1995.
One of the firm's mainstay drugs is Actos, a compound in the
thiazolidinedione class of drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Launched in 1999, Actos has become the best-selling diabetes drug in the
world with 4 billion USD in sales during the 2008 fiscal year.[7]
In February 2005, Takeda announced its acquisition of San Diego, California,
based Syrrx, a company specializing in high-throughput X-ray
crystallography, for USD270 million.[8]
In February 2008, Takeda acquired the Japanese operations of Amgen and
rights to a dozen of the California biotechnology company's pipeline
candidates for the Japanese market.[9]
In March 2008, Takeda and Abbott Laboratories announced plans to conclude
their 30-year-old joint venture, TAP Pharmaceuticals, that had over USD3
billion in sales in its final year. The split resulted in Abbott acquiring U
.S. rights to Lupron and the drug's support staff. On the other hand, Takeda
received rights to Prevacid and TAP's pipeline candidates. The move also
increased Takeda's headcount by 3,000 employees.[10]
In April 2008, Takeda announced that it was acquiring Millennium
Pharmaceuticals of Cambridge, Massachusetts, a company specializing in
cancer drug research, for USD8.8 billion. The acquisition brought in Velcade
, a drug indicated for hematological malignancies, as well as a portfolio of
pipeline candidates in the oncology, inflammation, and cardiovascular
therapeutic areas. Millennium now operates as an independent subsidiary, "
Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company." [11]
In May 2008, the company licensed non-exclusively the RNAi technology
platform developed by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, creating a potentially long-
term partnership between the companies.[12]
On May 19, 2011, Takeda Pharmaceutical and Nycomed announced that Takeda
would acquire Nycomed for .6 billion. The acquisition was completed by
September 30, 2011.[13]
On April 11, 2012, Takeda Pharmaceutical and URL Pharma announced that
Takeda would acquire URL Pharma, then run by the founder's son Richard
Roberts, for USD800 million. The acquisition was completed by June 4, 2012.[
14]
On 25 May 2012, Takeda announced the purchase of Brazilian pharmaceutical
company Multilab by R$540 million.[15]
On 26 September 2014, Takeda announced it would team up with BioMotiv with
the stated aim of identifying and developing new compounds over a five-year
period, worth approximately USD25 million.[16]
On 30 September 2014, Takeda announced its intention to expand a
collaboration with MacroGenics, valued up to USD1.6 billion. The
collaboration will focus on the co-development of the preclinical autoimmune
compound MGD010. MGD010 is a therapy which targets theB-cell surface
proteins CD32B and CD79B, and is indicated for lupus and rheumatoid
arthritis.[17]
In 2015, Takeda sold its respiratory drugs business to the Swedish-British
AstraZeneca for $575 million (about ￡383 million), a deal that included
roflumilast and ciclesonide.[18]
On November 20, 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved
Ixazomib developed by Takeda for use in combination with lenalidomide and
dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma after at least one prior
therapy.[19]
On December 2, 2016, the company spun out its neuroscience research division
into Cerevance, a join venture along with Lightstone Ventures.[20]
Locations[edit]
Takeda operates two primary bases in Japan in Osaka and Tokyo. Its United
States subsidiary is based in Deerfield, Illinois, and all Global Operations
outside Japan and U.S. are based in Opfikon (Zurich), Switzerland. The
company maintains research and development sites in Osaka and Shonan, Japan;
San Diego and Cambridge, United States;London, United Kingdom; and
Singapore.[21]
Lawsuits[edit]
In April 2015 Takeda agreed to pay a settlement of $2.37 billion to an
estimated 9,000 people who submitted claims alleging that pioglitazone was
responsible for giving them bladder cancer.[22] In 2014, a plaintiff was
awarded $9 billion in punitive damages after a federal court found Takeda
hid the cancer risks of their diabetes medicine,[23] but the amount was
later reduced to $37 million by a judge who deemed the charge excessive.[24]
References[edit]
^ Chris Gallagher (2015-03-15). Muralikumar Anantharaman, ed. "Japan
drugmaker Takeda says Christophe Weber to become CEO April 1". Reuters.
Retrieved2015-04-20.
^ "Financial Results for Fiscal 2012" (PDF). Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
Limited. 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
^ "Takeda Initiates Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial for Alogliptin, An
Investigational Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes". Newsblaze.com. 2009-08-28.
Retrieved 2010-09-18.
^ "FAQ." Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Retrieved on 2011-02-02. "Q : Where
is Takeda located? A : The Head Office is located in Osaka, Japan, and the
Tokyo Head Office is located in Tokyo, Japan."
^ "Overview." Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Retrieved on 2011-02-02. "
Headquarters Head Office 1-1, Doshomachi 4-chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8645"
and "Tokyo Head Office 12-10, Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8668"
^ "TAP Pharmaceutical Products, Inc.: Private Company Information -
BusinessWeek". Investing.businessweek.com. 2008-04-30. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
^ Decker, Susan (2009-07-06). "Takeda Sues Torrent to Stop Generic Copy of
Actos Diabetes Pill". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
^ Somers, Terri (2005-02-08). "Japanese drug giant taking over Syrrx here |
The San Diego Union-Tribune". Signonsandiego.com. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
^ "Takeda, Amgen in exclusive tie-up for Japanese market". MarketWatch. 2008
-02-04. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
^ Marrazzo, Amanda (2008-05-15). "Featured Articles From The Chicago Tribune
". Archives.chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
^ "MILLENNIUM: The Takeda Oncology Company | About Millennium | Our History"
. Mlnm.com. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
^ staff (2008-06-15). "Takeda Signs On as Alnylam's Asian Partner for $150M
Upfront".Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (print). Mary Ann Liebert,
Inc. p. 14.
^ Limited, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. "Takeda completes acquisition and
names new CEO of Nycomed - Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited".
^ Limited, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. "Takeda Completes Acquisition of
URL Pharma, Inc. - Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited".
^ Hirschler, Ben (2012-05-25). "Farmacêutica Takeda comprará Multilab por
até R$ 540 mi". Grupo Abril (in Portuguese). Exame. Retrieved 2013-01-27.
^ "Takeda, BioMotiv Launch $25M Drug Development Partnership". Genetic
Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014-09-26.
Retrieved2015-04-23.
^ "Takeda, MacroGenics Launch Up to $1.6B Expansion of DART Collaboration".
Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2014-09-30.
Retrieved 2015-04-23.
^ Julia Bradshaw for The Daily Telegraph, 16 December 2015. AstraZeneca to
buy Takeda's lung business for ￡383m.Accessed: 17 December 2015.
^ "Press Announcements — FDA approves Ninlaro, new oral medication to treat
multiple myeloma". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 24 April
2016.
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/takeda-spins-out-research-team-into-neuroscience-startup/81253491
^ "Locations | Worldwide | Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited". Takedaism
.com. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
^ "Takeda Agrees to Pay $2.4 Billion to Settle Suits Over Cancer Risk of
Actos". The New York Times. 29 April 2015.
^ Feeley, Jef; Matsuyama, Kanoko (9 April 2014). "Takeda, Lilly Jury Awards
$9 Billion Over Actos Risks" – via www.bloomberg.com.
^ "Japan's Takeda Agrees To $2.4B Settlement In Diabetes Drug Actos Lawsuit
Over Cancer Risk Allegations". 29 April 2015. |
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